Germany bans meetings of more than two people
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Learning Outcome Essay: Explain one study related to localization of function.
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Explain one study related to localization of function. Localisation of brain function refers to the theory that psychological functions are located in specific areas of the brain. This means that certain brain structures or brain regions are in charge of particular behaviours, cognitions, and emotions. One study that was made investigating the localisation of function was the study by Maguire et al. in 2000, where they were researching the spatial memory which is a function of the hippocampus. The study made by Maguire et al. in 2000 aimed to examine possible changes in the brain of taxi driver, and specifically focusing on the development of the spatial memory in the hippocampus. The researchers also wanted to find out if there was a correlation between the duration that the taxi drivers had been working and the size of the hippocampus. The participants of this study were 16 males. They were all right-handed, physically healthy and between the ages of 32 and 62 years. They were ...
Learning Outcome Essay: Outline two principles that define the biological level of analysis.
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Outline two principles that define the biological level of analysis. The biological level of analysis argues that there are physiological origins of behaviour and that human beings should be studied as biological systems. This means that we should also consider how the environment and cognition may interact with biological systems and affect physiology, as this is a bidirectional relationship. A bidirectional relationship simply means that two things can affect each other, such as biology can affect cognition and cognition can affect biology. There are multiple principles that define the biological of analysis, which means that these create the basis for the theories within this area of analysis, and two of them are patterns of behaviour can be inherited and non-human animal research can inform understanding of human behaviour. The first principle is patterns of behaviour can be inherited. This means that human behaviours, cognitions, and emotions can to some extent be explained ...
Outline two principles that define the biological level of analysis.
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The biological level of analysis argues that there are physiological origins of behaviour and that human beings should be studied as biological systems. This means that we should also consider how the environment and cognition may interact with biological systems and affect physiology, as this is a bidirectional relationship. A bidirectional relationship simply means that two things can affect each other, such as biology can affect cognition and cognition can affect biology. There are multiple principles that define the biological of analysis, which means that these create the basis for the theories within this area of analysis, and two of them are patterns of behaviour can be inherited and non-human animal research can inform understanding of human behaviour. The first principle is patterns of behaviour can be inherited. This means that human behaviours, cognitions, and emotions can to some extent be explained through genetic inheritance and evolutionary adaptations. Studies that...
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Anderson and Pichert (1978)
Aim: To investigate if schema processing influences both encoding and retrieval Procedure: The participants were given one schema at the encoding stage and one schema at the retrieval stage, to see if they were influenced by the last schema when they had to recall the information. The participants heard a story that was based on 72 points. Half of the participants were asked to read the story for the point of view of a house-buyer and the other half from the point of view of a burglar. After a break, half of the participants were given a different schema, so the burglars switched to the buyers and vice versa. The other half were tested on their original schema again. Results: The researchers found that the group of participants in the changed schema group were able to recall 7 percent more points on the second test than on the first one. Recall of points that were directly linked to the new schema increased by 10 per cent, whereas recall of points that were important to the pr...
Bouchard et al. (1990)
Bouchard et al. (1990) Aim: To investigate the relative influence of environment and genetic factors on human characteristics and behaviours, including intelligence. Method: A cross-cultural correlational study of more than 100 pairs of reared-apart twins and siblings whose data was compared with twins and siblings reared together. The participants comprised identical (monozygotic/MZ) twins and non-identical (dizygotic/DZ) twins, with an average age of 41 years. MZ twins are often used in genetic research because they have identical or almost identical genes. Each participant underwent over 50 hours of psychological testing and interviews. In twin research, the correlation found between each twin and therefore presumable between genetic inheritance and a particular behaviour is called the concordance rate. Results: The concordance rates for IQ were: MZ twins reared together: 86% (0.86) MZ twins reared apart: 76% (0.76) DZ twins reared together: 55% (0.55) Biologi...
Martinez and Kesner (1991)
Martinez and Kesner (1991) Aim: To determine the role of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine on memory Procedure: Rats were trained to go through a maze and find the end, where food was located. When the rats learned how to get through the maze, he divided them into three groups. The first group was injected with scopolamine, which blocks the acetylcholine receptor sites. The second group was injected with physostigmine. Physostigmine blocks the production of cholinesterase which does the “clean-up” of acetylcholine from the synapse and returns the neuron to its “resting state”. The third group was not injected because they were the control group. Results: The results showed that the group that had been injected with scopolamine were slower and made more errors than the two other groups. The physostigmine group was faster than both groups and also made less errors when running through the maze. Conclusion: The researchers could from the results conclude that the neurotr...